Click through rate formula - For example, if an ad or link is displayed on a web page 100 times and is clicked on 10 times, then its click-through rate is 10%. CTR is an important metric for businesses, as it provides an indication of how successful their ads or links are in attracting users and encouraging them to take action.

 
 More simply, email click-through rates represent the number of clicks that your email generated. Email click-through rate is expressed as a percentage, and calculated by dividing the number of click-throughs by the number of tracked message deliveries. . Free sports streaming

Ad Clicks ÷ Ad Impressions = Click-Through Rate. As one of the classic performance marketing metrics, you’re going to be bumping into CTR a lot. But CTR is much more than just a metric. In fact ... CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is used to assess the effectiveness of online advertising or email campaigns. It represents the percentage of people who clicked on an ad or link out of the total number who viewed it. CTR Formula: Click Through Rate 🟰 (Number of Clicks Number of Impressions) ️ 100 Examples: Company A: To determine the CTR percentage for an ad campaign or webpage, divide the number of clicks by the number of impressions (views) and multiply by 100. This …What Is Click-Through Rate (CTR)? Put simply, click-through rate is the percentage of impressions that resulted in a click. If your PPC ad had 1,000 impressions and one click, that’s a 0.1% CTR.Aug 7, 2023 · Here's a breakdown of the email click through rate formula: For example, if you send an email campaign to 100 people and 10 people clicked on links within your email, then your click through rate would be 10%. The average CTR in Sponsored Products is 0.42%, and in the case of Sponsored Brands, it’s 0.38%. The two types of ads SP and SB, have significantly more Amazon Click Through Rates than ads for SD. The best way to increase your CTR’s value is to make sure you run three different kinds of ads for your product.Open Rate and Conversion Rate are vital to see whether an email was opened in the first place, and what happened after the clicks. CTOR Formula. The CTOR equation is CTOR = (Users Who Clicked x 100) ÷ Email Opens. Click to enlarge . CTR vs CTOR. CTOR is not the same as CTR.The simple formula and then, the transcript of this video. Bolding the parts that REALLY popped out to me. Make them click on a video. Make them watch the video. Make them click on a video. Make them watch the video. Keep doing this. Another way to say it would be CTR + AVD = Growth. Increase your click through rate (Intriguing Titles … Click-through rate (CTR) can be used to gauge how well your keywords and ads, and free listings, are performing. CTR is the number of clicks that your ad receives divided by the number of times your ad is shown: clicks ÷ impressions = CTR. For example, if you had 5 clicks and 100 impressions, then your CTR would be 5%. How it's used. CTR (link click-through rate) indicates how many link clicks your ad received compared to the number of impressions it received. It's a common metric used by online advertisers to understand how ads are driving traffic to …While most formulas will tell you that click-through rate is the number of clicks your emails get, what they mean is the number of individuals who clicked any link in your email. Therefore, if Bob clicks two links in your email, he counts as 1 click not 2. To be more specific, there are two types of click-through rates: TCTR and UCTR. TCTRThe CTR formula is: (Number of click-throughs / the number of total impressions) x 100 = CTR. Here’s an example of the formula in action: if you send out an email marketing campaign to 1,000 people and 40 of them click on an embedded link to your ecommerce site, your click-through rate is 4%. (40 clicks / 1,000 impressions) x 100 = 4% CTR.Calculate! CTR Formula. To calculate click-through rate you need to know the number of clicks on your ad and the number of impressions. You can calculate it with our free … eMagazine. While people talk about the click through rates importance, it is significant to focus on click through rate formula that can ensure rapid growth in the field of marketing. ActiveCampaign’s email Click-Through Rate formula. Here’s how to use ActiveCampaign’s CTR formula for your email: Divide the total number of clicks by the number of delivered emails. Then multiply the result by …Click-through rate is the number of clicks your site receives divided by the number of times it's shown. Learn more here! Search. ... The organic CTR formula is: (Number of Clicks / Impressions) x 100. For example, your page in the SERPs was shown to 10,000 searchers and 2500 users clicked on it.Get to know what your audience thinks of your pay per click (PPC) ads and your content by understanding how to measure a good click-through rate (CTR). PPC ads help increase new traffic to your ...The click-through rate formula is simple—you don’t even need a CTR calculator to figure it out. To calculate it, simply divide the number of clicks by the number of impressions of a given campaign. For instance, if a campaign had seven clicks and 100 impressions, the CTR would be 7%.Click-through rate is a percentage that measures how many people clicked your ad as compared to the people who saw it. A CTR of 100% means all the people who see your ad click it. ... The formula to calculate CTR is: You need two variables to calculate CTR: Clicks;You can calculate your click-through rate with the following formula: (Total Clicks) / (Total Impressions) = Click-Through Rate. In most cases, you won’t have to calculate your CTR manually. If you’re advertising with pay-per-click (PPC) ads, for example, your PPC account dashboard will display your CTR.Click-through rate is a percentage that measures how many people clicked your ad as compared to the people who saw it. A CTR of 100% means all the people who see your ad click it. ... The formula to calculate CTR is: You need two variables to calculate CTR: Clicks;Video Click-Through Rate (CTR) is a great metric to measure the first impression your video makes on viewers. This metric measures how many people click to play your video after merely viewing the thumbnail or preview of your video. Having a low Video CTR indicates that you may need to improve your video text including the title, …The average click-through rate on Google Ads paid search ads is 4-6%. CTRs are going to be lower on the display network, which is why it’s important to leverage enticing display creative. However, it’s important to note that average CTR, as well as other key metrics, like conversion rate, can vary widely by industry, because some industries ... The click-to-open rate (CTOR) is an alternative engagement metric to click rate. It is calculated by dividing the number of recipients who clicked by the number of unique opens. Given the uncertainty around open rates, our preferred metric is the click rate (i.e. the % of delivered who clicked), rather than using a number dependent on opens ... Click Through Rate is a simple percentage formula: CTR = 0.01 * number_of_clicks / number_of_impressions. As a publisher, it can be difficult to decide between selling advertising space on a CPM or CPC basis. CPC is more closely tied to the value that the traffic brings to the advertiser, while CPM is more predictable for the publisher.Here is the CTOR equation: (unique clicks/unique opens) x 100. Generally, a good click-to-open rate is between 20-30 percent, depending on your industry and audience. According to Campaign Monitor, agriculture, …View-through rate (VTR) measures the number of viewers who watched an entire video ad divided by the number of impressions, or people exposed to the video. Multiply that number by 100 to get the VTR as a percentage. Code embedded into the video allows businesses to measure the number of views a video has and at what point viewers click away. Click-through rate (CTR) is calculated by dividing the number of clicks on a specific link or advertisement by dividing it by the total number of impressions or views, then multiplying the result by 100 to express it as a percentage. Click-through rate formula. CTR = (Clicks / Impressions) * 100. View-through conversions occur after an ad impression, if the ... Conversion rate: Definition; 56 of 193. Conversion tracking: Definition; 57 of 193. Conversion value per cost: Definition; ... and unknown clicks: Definition; 161 of 193. Recommended average daily budget: Definition; 162 of 193. Referrer URL; 163 of 193. Responsive ads: Definition;A click-through rate (CTR) is the ratio of clicks to impressions on a mobile advertising campaign. CTRs are calculated by taking the number of clicks on a mobile advertising campaign, dividing it by the overall impressions and then expressing the resultant figure in percentage terms. For example, if a company runs a mobile advertising campaign ...The average CTR in Sponsored Products is 0.42%, and in the case of Sponsored Brands, it’s 0.38%. The two types of ads SP and SB, have significantly more Amazon Click Through Rates than ads for SD. The best way to increase your CTR’s value is to make sure you run three different kinds of ads for your product.Unique CTR (link click-through rate) The percentage of Accounts Center accounts that saw your ad and performed a link click. This metric is estimated. How it's calculated. The metric is calculated as unique link clicks divided by reach. It counts Accounts Center accounts, not actions. This metric uses sampled data.CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is the simplest way to compare the performance on a basic level of different campaigns. This is because CTR is a better measure of success than simply the number of clicks an ad or link has received. For example: Ad ONE – seen 1,000 times and clicked on 30 times. Ad TWO – seen 10,000 times and clicked ...The formula for CTR looks as below: Image source: Snovio. Let’s say you want to track CTR on the paid free trial campaign on social media. The ad was shown to 500 people, but only 40 of them clicked on the button. You can calculate the click-through rate by using a formula. CTR = (40 / 500) x 100% CTR = 0.08 x 100% CTR = 8%.Visitors-to-Lead Conversion Rate = 5.00%. Number of Leads Acquired = 400. The cost per lead (CPL) can be calculated for both marketing channels by dividing the campaign spending by the number of new leads acquired. Google Ads Cost Per Lead (CPL) = $100.00. SEO Cost Per Lead (CPL) = $30.00.The key difference lies in what each metric measures. Click rate measures the number of times the email was opened as a proportion of the total number of recipients, while click through rate represents the percentage of people who not only opened the email but also clicked on a link or ad within it. These two metrics together offer a ...Click through rate. () is a measurement used in online Advertising. Email campaigns and Search Results. Click through rate is given as a percentage. If an advertisement has a click through rate of 5%, this means out of 100 people who saw the advertisement, 5 people clicked the link and reached the target website. CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is used to assess the effectiveness of online advertising or email campaigns. It represents the percentage of people who clicked on an ad or link out of the total number who viewed it. CTR Formula: Click Through Rate 🟰 (Number of Clicks Number of Impressions) ️ 100 Examples: Company A: The CTR for a given advertisement has a click-through rate of 0.4%. That's not especially high, but given that 50,000 people saw it, it's a good indication that it can snare prospective customers from your target audience overall. The Importance of Click-Through Rate. Click-through rate is important for many different reasons. View-through rate (VTR) measures the number of viewers who watched an entire video ad divided by the number of impressions, or people exposed to the video. Multiply that number by 100 to get the VTR as a percentage. Code embedded into the video allows businesses to measure the number of views a video has and at what point viewers click away.#4: Track Click-through Rate to Measure Referral Traffic. If you use Instagram to drive traffic to your website or blog, you'll want to track clicks. The easiest way to see total clicks is with Instagram Insights. Tap the bar graph icon in the upper-right corner of your profile.Click-through rate (CTR) Click-through rate, or CTR, ... Note that once you add these metrics to your social media metrics dashboard, you don’t need to remember the formulas anymore because Hootsuite will calculate them for you. Head to the Benchmarking section on Analytics and click Competitive Analysis.The Formula for Click-Through Rate (CTR) The formula for Click-Through Rate (CTR) is: CTR=(Number of Clicks/Number of Impression) * 100. In simpler terms, you take the number of people who clicked on a link (the clicks) and divide it by the total number of people who saw the link (impressions). Then you multiply the result by …CTR would be calculated using this formula: (Total number of clicks / Total number of impressions) x 100 = Click-through rate. OR. (250 / 1,000) x 100 = 25%. We calculated the conversion rate of the landing page and got 12%. But the conversion rate of the ad would then be calculated like:The following formula is used to calculate the view-through rate of a video advertisement. VTR = CV / I *100 V TR = C V /I ∗ 100. Where VTR is the view through rate (%) CV is the completed views. I is the total number of initial impressions. To calculate a view-through rate, divide the total number o completed views by the total number of ...To calculate click-through rate you need to know the number of clicks on your ad and the number of impressions. You can calculate it with our free CTR calculator above or manually calculate it using the formula: CTR = total number of clicks on your ad/total number of impressions. To get it as a percentage you can multiply the result by 100.Here are key metrics to watch: 1. Open Rate. Your email open rate is the total number of email opens your messages receive, divided by the number of emails delivered. The open rate should give you a good sense of your audience’s overall audience engagement, including repeat email openers and other outliers. 2.Click-through rate (CTR) measures what percentage of your recipients clicked on at least one link in your email. ... TCTR uses the same formula but swaps out unique clicks for total clicks in the fraction’s numerator. For example, if recipient A opened your message and clicked on 3 links, your TCTR would account for all 3 clicks, ...The click through rate is represented in the form of a percentage. Here is the formula for getting this metric: Click Through Rate = ( n amount of clicks / n amount of impressions) x 100 For example, if an ad receives 20 clicks and 100 impressions throughout the campaign, it will have a click through rate of 20%.Oct 28, 2023 · Click-Through Rate (CTR) is a metric used to measure the success of an online advertising campaign or the performance of specific links on a webpage. It represents the percentage of users who click on a particular ad, link, or call-to-action after being exposed to it. Definition: Unique CTR (link click-through rate) estimates the percentage of people who saw an ad and performed a link click. It is a metric that counts people and not actions. It uses sampled data to calculate the number of unique link clicks divided by the reach. How it’s calculated: The metric is calculated as the number of unique link ...May 31, 2013 · Click Through Rate Formula: Let's suppose your ad receives 10 clicks per 100 impressions, then the CTR would be calculated as given below:-CTR= 10/100 = 0.1. A CTR of 1% is considered ideal. Click Through Rate for Email Campaigns. Most email service providers (ESPs) can track your e-mails and allow you to view the results in an e-mail tracking ... Option 1: (The number of clicks) ÷ (total impressions) Option 2: (The number of clicks) ÷ (total reach) Example: If you have 20 clicks on a Twitter ad and it …The click-through rate formula, which divides the total number of clicks your content received by the total number of impressions, remains constant regardless of the channel used. But before you perform this calculation, keep up in mind these points: Actual Click Through rate: You can get one of two alternative click-through rates.The click-through rate formula, which divides the total number of clicks your content received by the total number of impressions, remains constant regardless of the channel used. But before you perform this calculation, keep up in mind these points: Actual Click Through rate: You can get one of two alternative click-through rates.Click-Through Rate formula. Click-Through Rates can be calculated as the number of clicks your ads or video receives divided by the number of times your ads or video is shown. Click-Through Rate Formula. For example, if your video has 100 impressions and 2 clicks, its Click-Through Rate is 2%.Jan 5, 2024 · Divide that by the number of emails delivered. Multiply that number by 100 to get a percentage. Voila! You have your email click-through rate. Here’s the email CTR formula. If your email makes it into the inboxes of 100 people and 10 people click on a link within your email, you have a 10% click-through rate. Open Rate and Conversion Rate are vital to see whether an email was opened in the first place, and what happened after the clicks. CTOR Formula. The CTOR equation is CTOR = (Users Who Clicked x 100) ÷ Email Opens. Click to enlarge . CTR vs CTOR. CTOR is not the same as CTR.Learn what Click Through Rate is and some ways you can improve your CTR on YouTube. ***** Learn the One YouTube Strategy I Use that Generates 57,346+ View...Option 1: (The number of clicks) ÷ (total impressions) Option 2: (The number of clicks) ÷ (total reach) Example: If you have 20 clicks on a Twitter ad and it …Click-through rate, or CTR, is determined by how many times a user clicks on an ad or a link and arrives at the designated page. To determine CTR, the number of clicks is compared to the number of impressions — the number of times a user sees or clicks the ad — using the CTR formula. That said, it’s easy to understand why CTR is so important!Click-through rate, abbreviated CTR, is a measure of how many people who view a social post, ad, or other piece of content click through to read more, buy, or take some other action. It’s a useful metric because it measures how effectively your social content drives people to your owned web properties. The formula to calculate CTR is number ... CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is used to assess the effectiveness of online advertising or email campaigns. It represents the percentage of people who clicked on an ad or link out of the total number who viewed it. CTR Formula: Click Through Rate 🟰 (Number of Clicks Number of Impressions) ️ 100 Examples: Company A: Learn what Click Through Rate is and some ways you can improve your CTR on YouTube. ***** Learn the One YouTube Strategy I Use that Generates 57,346+ View...Dec 29, 2023 · CTR = 100 (Clicks) ÷ 2,000 (Impressions) = 0.05 x 100 (percentage) = 5% CTR. Pro Tip: Don’t forget to multiply your result by 100 to save some extra time calculating the percentage. Calculating click-through rates isn’t exclusive to performance marketing channels such as Google Ads. The members of your target market that click on your advertisements make up the number of clicks. To figure out your click-through rate, you’ll divide the total number of clicks by the total impressions. If you have 5 clicks on an ad and 2000 impressions, it would look like this: 5/2000=0.0025. Your CTR would be 0.25%.Bulk API Export Table. Email Bounce Report. Show Engagement History on Records. Analytics for Account Engagement. Extending Account Engagement with Connected Apps. A Click-Through Rate report shows link statistics visually. A heatmap of prospects’ clicks appears on top of your email design, so you know right away whi...A video is considered as being “Viewed-Through” if a user did not skip it, or close the browser window before it ended. It has proved a paradoxical metric. If a user clicks on an ad, they are taken away from the ad. Even though they go to where the advertiser wanted, they are not counted as a View-Through. Therefore a high CTR will ...Open and click rates can give you a good idea of how your campaigns are performing with a particular audience. If an open rate is strong, it usually means your subject lines resonate with your audience. If your click rates are good, the message content is relevant to subscribers who open the campaign. Average open and click rates can vary from ...CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is the simplest way to compare the performance on a basic level of different campaigns. This is because CTR is a better measure of success than simply the number of clicks an ad or link has received. For example: Ad ONE – seen 1,000 times and clicked on 30 times. Ad TWO – seen 10,000 times and clicked ...Jun 15, 2021 · Here’s the click-through rate formula: number of clicks / number of impressions x 100 = CTR. So if 30 people clicked on a video, but 1,000 saw the thumbnail overall, you’d have a click-through rate of 30%. CTR stands for Click-Through Rate and is the simplest way to compare the performance on a basic level of different campaigns. This is because CTR is a better measure of success than simply the number of clicks an ad or link has received. For example: Ad ONE – seen 1,000 times and clicked on 30 times. Ad TWO – seen 10,000 times and clicked ...The average CTR in AdWords is 1.91% for search and 0.35% for display. But average is just that: average. So, as a rule of thumb, a good AdWords click-through rate is 4-5%+ on the search network or ...The median CTR for Sponsored Products is 0.42%, for Sponsored Brands it’s 0.38%. Both SP and SB produce much higher click through rates than SD ads. Obviously, the way to maximize your CTR is to run all 3 types of ads for your product but not every seller’s ad budget will permit that.One form of click-through rate is unique click-through rate: this specialized CTR indicates that an individual click and user are only accounted for once in the formula. By default, click-through rate measures the total clicks a user performs. unique clickthrough rate is a more precise measurement of user behavior and interest. An offline ...More formally, CTR is the number of click-throughs divided by the number of impressions (as a percentage). For example, if you get 5 click-throughs from 100 ad impressions that will give you a Click-Through Rate of 5%. CTR is a common digital marketing metric that can be used for everything from display to search to social to email.Finally, calculate the Click to Open Rate using the equation above: COR = C / O * 100. The values provided above are inserted into the equation below and computed. COR = 500 / 1000 * 100 = 50.00 (%) Example Problem #2: For this problem, the variables required are provided below: number of clicks = 45. number of opens = 60. Click-through rate (CTR) is one of the most important metrics you should be monitoring when implementing paid customer acquisition. Defined simply, click-through rate is the percentage of impressions that result in clicks. To calculate it, divide the number of people who click on your ad by the number of people who saw your ad and multiply that ... Pengertian CTR. Merupakan kepanjangan dari Click-Through Rate, CTR adalah rasio yang menunjukkan seberapa sering orang yang melihat iklan Anda mengkliknya berdasarkan simpulan Kami yang mengacu langsung pada sumber dari Situs Google terkait penjelasan mereka tentang hal ini. Dalam dunia marketing Indonesia, ini lebih sering dikenal dengan …Click-through rate (CTR) is an important metric for measuring the success of your online marketing campaigns. ... The formula for calculating CTR is: CTR = (Clicks / Impressions) * 100 For example, if your ad receives 100 clicks and 1,000 impressions, your CTR would be 10%.This metric is a great building block to later determine your click-through rate (ctr), total opens, and other metrics. Track your unique clicks today. ... Unique clicks formula Unique click rate = (Number of unique clicks / total number of email recipients) * 100.CTR is the ratio of the number of users who click a specific link on a website or email to the number of users who viewed that link. It is used by digital and online marketers to quantify the success and effectiveness of an …One form of click-through rate is unique click-through rate: this specialized CTR indicates that an individual click and user are only accounted for once in the formula. By default, click-through rate measures the total clicks a user performs. unique clickthrough rate is a more precise measurement of user behavior and interest. An offline ...To calculate your click-through rate, you divide the number of clicks by the number of impressions and then multiply the result by 100 to get the percentage. Suppose you run a PPC advertising campaign on Google Ads. Your ad is displayed 10,000 times, so it has 10,000 impressions. If it receives 200 clicks, your CTR would be 2%, calculated as ...Click-Through Rate formula. Click-Through Rates can be calculated as the number of clicks your ads or video receives divided by the number of times your ads or video is shown. Click-Through Rate Formula. For example, if your video has 100 impressions and 2 clicks, its Click-Through Rate is 2%.Dec 29, 2023 · CTR = 100 (Clicks) ÷ 2,000 (Impressions) = 0.05 x 100 (percentage) = 5% CTR. Pro Tip: Don’t forget to multiply your result by 100 to save some extra time calculating the percentage. Calculating click-through rates isn’t exclusive to performance marketing channels such as Google Ads. Relevancy—that’s what click-through rate (CTR) measures. When someone chooses to engage by clicking on a button or a link, they indicate they want to continue exploring a topic with you. More importantly, CTR is a quality measure that improves search engine optimization (SEO) and social media platforms, meaning more …How it's used. CTR (link click-through rate) indicates how many link clicks your ad received compared to the number of impressions it received. It's a common metric used by online advertisers to understand how ads are driving traffic to …

Click-through rate, abbreviated CTR, is a measure of how many people who view a social post, ad, or other piece of content click through to read more, buy, or take some other action. It’s a useful metric because it measures how effectively your social content drives people to your owned web properties. The formula to calculate CTR is number .... How to check phone for virus

click through rate formula

The following formula is used to calculate the click-through rate on an ad location or website. CTR = TC / TI *100 CTR = TC /T I ∗ 100. Where CTR is click-through rate %. TC is the total number of clicks. … The CTR for a given advertisement has a click-through rate of 0.4%. That's not especially high, but given that 50,000 people saw it, it's a good indication that it can snare prospective customers from your target audience overall. The Importance of Click-Through Rate. Click-through rate is important for many different reasons. The click-to-open rate (CTOR) is an alternative engagement metric to click rate. It is calculated by dividing the number of recipients who clicked by the number of unique opens. Given the uncertainty around open rates, our preferred metric is the click rate (i.e. the % of delivered who clicked), rather than using a number dependent on opens ...A good Email Click-Through Rate (CTR) typically falls between 3% and 5%. This level indicates that the email campaigns effectively engage the audience and drive them to act. However, what's considered "good" varies depending on the industry and target audience. The click-to-open rate (CTOR) is an alternative engagement metric to click rate. It is calculated by dividing the number of recipients who clicked by the number of unique opens. Given the uncertainty around open rates, our preferred metric is the click rate (i.e. the % of delivered who clicked), rather than using a number dependent on opens ... The click-through rate formula is simple—you don’t even need a CTR calculator to figure it out. To calculate it, simply divide the number of clicks by the number of impressions of a given campaign. For instance, if a campaign had seven clicks and 100 impressions, the CTR would be 7%.VTR stands for View-Through Rate and is a useful way to compare how engaging ... they choose VTR as their measure of success. However, as it is a video ad they also add a click-through to their search engine so that people can try it. As the video ... VTR Formula. The VTR equation is: Click to enlarge. VTR = (View-Throughs x 100) ÷ ...A sell-through rate of 70% is a solid result. However, if the store’s owner wants to increase the figure in the future, he has two options. The first option includes the acceleration of sales. For example, the store may start some promotions to sell more units in the next month. Alternatively, the store may order less from its suppliers ...Click-through rate (CTR) Click-through rate, or CTR, ... Note that once you add these metrics to your social media metrics dashboard, you don’t need to remember the formulas anymore because Hootsuite will calculate them for you. Head to the Benchmarking section on Analytics and click Competitive Analysis.CTR = Total Number of Clicks/Total Number of Impressions x 100. To make it more simple for you, let’s break the formula down: Total number of clicks – the … The formula for CTR looks as below: Image source: Snovio. Let’s say you want to track CTR on the paid free trial campaign on social media. The ad was shown to 500 people, but only 40 of them clicked on the button. You can calculate the click-through rate by using a formula. CTR = (40 / 500) x 100% CTR = 0.08 x 100% CTR = 8%. Dec 31, 2020 · Clicks. Total impressions. Let’s assume your ad received 100 impressions and it was clicked by 9 people. Here is how to calculate CTR based on this data: CTR = 9 / 100 x 100. CTR = 0.09 x 100. CTR = 9%. Remember, CTR is always reported as a percentage. .

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